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Siralim Ultimate is a monster catching, dungeon crawling RPG with a ridiculous amount of depth. Summon over 1200 different creatures and travel through randomly generated dungeons to acquire resources, new creatures, and loot. With the inspiration of the Xerox Star, Apple launched Mac OS 1.0 and placed the Window Commands/Actions to the Left, since Xerox too had most of their primary controls on the left. However, there hasn't been a pure reason as to why where they placed on the left since no one really cared about UX back then, and it was placed in that place for.
Photos on Mac features an immersive, dynamic look that showcases your best photos. Find the shots you’re looking for with powerful search options. Organize your collection into albums, or keep your photos organized automatically with smart albums. Perfect your photos and videos with intuitive built-in editing tools, or use your favorite photo apps. And with iCloud Photos, you can keep all your photos and videos stored in iCloud and up to date on your Mac, Apple TV, iPhone, iPad, and even your PC.
A smarter way to find your favorites.
Photos intelligently declutters and curates your photos and videos — so you can easily see your best memories.
Focus on your best shots.
Photos emphasizes the best shots in your library, hiding duplicates, receipts, and screenshots. Days, Months, and Years views organize your photos by when they were taken. Your best shots are highlighted with larger previews, and Live Photos and videos play automatically, bringing your library to life. Photos also highlights important moments like birthdays, anniversaries, and trips in the Months and Years views.
Your memories. Now playing.
Memories finds your best photos and videos and weaves them together into a memorable movie — complete with theme music, titles, and cinematic transitions — that you can personalize and share. So you can enjoy a curated collection of your trips, holidays, friends, family, pets, and more. And when you use iCloud Photos, edits you make to a Memory automatically sync to your other devices.
The moment you’re looking for, always at hand.
With Search, you can look for photos based on who’s in them or what’s in them — like strawberries or sunsets. Or combine search terms, like “beach 2017.” If you’re looking for photos you imported a couple of months ago, use the expanded import history to look back at each batch in chronological order. And in the Albums section, you’ll find your videos, selfies, panoramas, and other media types automatically organized into separate albums under Media Types.
Fill your library, not your device.
iCloud Photos can help you make the most of the space on your Mac. When you choose “Optimize Mac Storage,” all your full‑resolution photos and videos are stored in iCloud in their original formats, with storage-saving versions kept on your Mac as space is needed. You can also optimize storage on your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch, so you can access more photos and videos than ever before. You get 5GB of free storage in iCloud — and as your library grows, you have the option to choose a plan for up to 2TB.
Make an edit here, see it there. With iCloud Photos, when you make changes on your Mac like editing a photo, marking a Favorite, or adding to an album, they’re kept up to date on your iPhone, your iPad, and iCloud.com. And vice versa — any changes made on your iOS or iPadOS devices are automatically reflected on your Mac.
All your photos on all your devices. iCloud Photos gives you access to your entire Mac photo and video library from all your devices. If you shoot a snapshot, slo-mo, or selfie on your iPhone, it’s automatically added to iCloud Photos — so it appears on your Mac, iOS and iPadOS devices, Apple TV, iCloud.com, and your PC. Even the photos and videos imported from your DSLR, GoPro, or drone to your Mac appear on all your iCloud Photos–enabled devices. And since your collection is organized the same way across your Apple devices, navigating your library always feels familiar.
Resize. Crop. Collage. Zoom. Warp. GIF. And more.
Create standout photos with a comprehensive set of powerful but easy-to-use editing tools. Instantly transform photos taken in Portrait mode with five different studio-quality lighting effects. Choose Enhance to improve your photo with just a click. Then use a filter to give it a new look. Or use Smart Sliders to quickly edit like a pro even if you’re a beginner. Markup lets you add text, shapes, sketches, or a signature to your images. And you can turn Live Photos into fun, short video loops to share. You can also make edits to photos using third-party app extensions like Pixelmator, or edit a photo in an app like Photoshop and save your changes to your Photos library.
- LightBrilliance, a slider in Light, automatically brightens dark areas and pulls in highlights to reveal hidden details and make your photo look richer and more vibrant.
- ColorMake your photo stand out by adjusting saturation, color contrast, and color cast.
- Black & WhiteAdd some drama by taking the color out. Fine-tune intensity and tone, or add grain for a film-quality black-and-white effect.
- White BalanceChoose between Neutral Gray, Skin Tone, and Temperature/Tint options to make colors in your photo warmer or cooler.
- CurvesMake fine-tuned contrast and color adjustments to your photos.
- LevelsAdjust midtones, highlights, and shadows to perfect the tonal balance in your photo.
- DefinitionIncrease image clarity by adjusting the definition slider.
- Selective ColorWant to make blues bluer or greens greener? Use Selective Color to bring out specific colors in your image.
- VignetteAdd shading to the edges of your photo to highlight a powerful moment.
- Editing ExtensionsDownload third-party editing extensions from the Mac App Store to add filters and texture effects, use retouching tools, reduce noise, and more.
- Reset AdjustmentsWhen you’ve made an edit, you can judge it against the original by clicking Compare. If you don’t like how it looks, you can reset your adjustments or revert to your original shot.
Bring even more life to your Live Photos. When you edit a Live Photo, the Loop effect can turn it into a continuous looping video that you can experience again and again. Try Bounce to play the action forward and backward. Or choose Long Exposure for a beautiful DSLR‑like effect to blur water or extend light trails. You can also trim, mute, and select a key photo for each Live Photo.
Add some fun filters.
With just a click, you can apply one of nine photo filters inspired by classic photography styles to your photos.
Share here, there, and everywhere.
Use the Share menu to easily share photos via Shared Albums and AirDrop. Or send photos to your favorite photo sharing destinations, such as Facebook and Twitter. You can also customize the menu and share directly to other compatible sites that offer sharing extensions.
Turn your pictures into projects.
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Making high-quality projects and special gifts for loved ones is easier than ever with Photos. Create everything from gorgeous photo books to professionally framed gallery prints to stunning websites using third-party project extensions like Motif, Mimeo Photos, Shutterfly, ifolor, WhiteWall, Mpix, Fujifilm, and Wix.
The fundamental services and primitives ofthe OS X kernel are based on Mach3.0. Apple has modified and extended Mach to better meet OS X functional and performance goals.
Mach 3.0 was originally conceived as a simple, extensible,communications microkernel. It iscapable of running as a stand–alone kernel, with other traditionaloperating-system services such as I/O, file systems, and networkingstacks running as user-mode servers.
However, in OS X, Mach is linked with other kernel componentsinto a single kernel address space. This is primarily for performance;it is much faster to make a direct call between linked componentsthan it is to send messages or do remote procedure calls (RPC) betweenseparate tasks. This modular structure results in a more robustand extensible system than a monolithic kernel would allow, withoutthe performance penalty of a pure microkernel.
Thus in OS X, Mach is not primarily a communication hubbetween clients and servers. Instead, its value consists of itsabstractions, its extensibility, and its flexibility. In particular,Mach provides
- object-basedAPIs with communication channels (for example, ports) as object references
- highly parallel execution, including preemptively scheduled threads and support for SMP
- a flexible scheduling framework, with support for real-time usage Bisão runner mac os.
- a complete set of IPC primitives, including messaging, RPC, synchronization, and notification
- support for large virtual address spaces, shared memoryregions, and memory objects backed by persistent store
- proven extensibility and portability, for example across instructionset architectures and in distributed environments
- security and resource management as a fundamental principleof design; all resources are virtualized
Mach Kernel Abstractions
Mach provides a small set of abstractions that have been designedto be both simple and powerful. These are the main kernel abstractions:
- Tasks. Theunits of resource ownership; each task consists of a virtual addressspace, a portrightnamespace, and one or more threads.(Similar to a process.)
- Threads. The units of CPU execution withina task.
- Addressspace. In conjunction with memory managers, Mach implementsthe notion of a sparse virtual address space and shared memory.
- Memoryobjects. The internal units of memory management. Memoryobjects include named entries and regions; they are representationsof potentially persistent data that may be mapped into address spaces.
- Ports.Secure, simplex communication channels, accessible only via sendand receive capabilities (known as port rights).
- IPC.Message queues, remote procedure calls, notifications, semaphores,and lock sets.
- Time.Clocks, timers, and waiting.
At the trap level, the interface to most Mach abstractionsconsists of messages sent to and from kernel ports representingthose objects. The trap-level interfaces (such as
mach_msg_overwrite_trap
)and message formats are themselves abstracted in normal usage bythe Mach Interface Generator(MIG).MIG is used to compile procedural interfaces to the message-basedAPIs, based on descriptions of those APIs.Tasks and Threads
OS X processes and POSIXthreads (pthreads)are implemented on top of Mach tasks and threads, respectively.A thread is a point of control flow in a task. A task exists to provideresources for the threads it contains. This split is made to providefor parallelism and resource sharing.
Psychedelics mac os. A thread
- is a pointof control flow in a task.
- has access to all of the elements of the containing task.
- executes (potentially) in parallel with other threads, eventhreads within the same task.
- has minimal state information for low overhead.
A task
- is a collectionof system resources. These resources, with the exception of theaddress space, are referenced by ports. These resources may be sharedwith other tasks if rights to the ports are so distributed.
- provides a large, potentially sparse address space, referencedby virtual address. Portions of this space may be shared throughinheritance or external memory management.
- contains some number of threads.
Note that a task has no life of its own—only threads executeinstructions. When it is said that “task Y does X,” what isreally meant is that “a thread contained within task Y does X.”
A task is a fairly expensive entity. It exists to be a collectionof resources. All of the threads in a task share everything. Twotasks share nothing without an explicit action (although the actionis often simple) and some resources (such as port receive rights) cannotbe shared between two tasks at all.
A thread is a fairly lightweight entity. It is fairly cheapto create and has low overhead to operate. This is true becausea thread has little state information (mostly its register state). Itsowning task bears the burdenof resource management. On a multiprocessor computer, it is possiblefor multiple threads in a task to execute in parallel. Even whenparallelism is not the goal, multiple threads have an advantagein that each threadcan use a synchronous programming style, instead of attempting asynchronousprogramming with a single thread attempting to provide multipleservices.
A threadis the basic computational entity. A thread belongs to one and onlyone task that defines its virtual address space. To affect the structureof the address space or to reference any resource other than theaddress space, the thread must execute a special trap instructionthat causes the kernel to perform operations on behalf of the threador to send a message to some agent on behalf of the thread. In general,these traps manipulate resources associated with the task containingthe thread. Requests can be made of the kernel to manipulate theseentities: to create them, delete them, and affect their state.
Mach provides a flexible framework for thread–schedulingpolicies. Early versions of OS X support both time-sharing and fixed-priority policies.A time-sharing thread’s priority is raised and lowered to balanceits resource consumption against other time-sharing threads.
Fixed-priority threads execute for a certain quantum of time, and then areput at the end of the queue of threads of equal priority. Settinga fixed priority thread’s quantum level to infinity allows thethread to run until it blocks, or until it is preempted by a threadof higher priority. High priority real-time threads are usuallyfixed priority.
OS X also provides time constraint scheduling for real-timeperformance. This scheduling allows you to specify that your threadmust get a certain time quantum within a certain period of time.
Mach scheduling is described further in Mach Scheduling and Thread Interfaces. Reaktron mac os.
Ports, Port Rights, Port Sets,and Port Namespaces
With the exception of the task’s virtual address space,all other Mach resources are accessed through a level of indirectionknown as a port.A port is an endpoint of a unidirectional communication channelbetween a client who requests a service and a server who providesthe service. If a reply is to be provided to such a service request,a second port must be used. This is comparable to a (unidirectional)pipe in UNIX parlance.
In most cases, the resource that is accessed by the port (thatis, named by it) is referred to as an object. Most objects namedby a port have a single receiver and (potentially) multiple senders.That is, there is exactly one receive port, and at least one sendingport, for a typical object such as a message queue.
The service to be provided by an object is determined by themanager that receives the request sent to the object. It followsthat the kernel is the receiver for ports associated with kernel-providedobjects and that the receiver for ports associated with task-provided objectsis the task providing those objects.
For ports that name task-provided objects, it is possibleto change the receiver of requests for that port to a differenttask, for example by passing the port to that task in a message. Asingle task may have multiple ports that refer to resources it supports.For that matter, any given entity can have multiple ports that representit, each implying different sets of permissible operations. Forexample, many objects have a name port anda controlport (sometimes called the privileged port).Access to the control port allows the object to be manipulated;access to the name port simply names the object so that you canobtain information about it or perform other non-privileged operationsagainst it.
Tasks have permissions to access ports in certain ways (send,receive, send-once); these are called port rights. A port can be accessed only via a right. Ports are often usedto grant clients access to objects within Mach. Having the rightto send to the object’s IPC port denotes the right to manipulatethe object in prescribed ways. As such, port right ownership isthe fundamental security mechanismwithin Mach. Having a right to an object is to have a capabilityto access or manipulate that object.
Port rights can be copied and moved between tasks via IPC. Doing so,in effect, passes capabilities to some object or server.
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One type of object referred to by a port is a port set.As the name suggests, a port set is a set of port rights that canbe treated as a single unit when receiving a message or event fromany of the members of the set. Port sets permit one thread to waiton a number of message and event sources, for example in work loops.
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Traditionally in Mach, the communication channel denoted bya port was always a queue of messages.However, OS X supports additional types of communication channels, andthese new types of IPC object are also represented by ports andport rights. See the section Interprocess Communication (IPC),for more details about messages and other IPC types.
Ports and port rights do not have systemwide names that allowarbitrary ports or rights to be manipulated directly. Ports canbe manipulated by a task only if the task has a port right in itsport namespace. A port right is specified by a port name, an integerindex into a 32-bit portnamespace. Each task has associated with it a single port namespace.
Tasks acquire port rights when another task explicitly insertsthem into its namespace, when they receive rights in messages, bycreating objects that return a right to the object, and via Machcalls for certain special ports (
mach_thread_self
, mach_task_self
,and mach_reply_port
.)Memory Management
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As with most modern operating systems, Mach provides addressingto large, sparse, virtual address spaces. Runtime access is madevia virtual addresses that may not correspond to locations in physicalmemory at the initial time of the attempted access. Mach is responsiblefor taking a requested virtual address and assigning it a correspondinglocation in physical memory. It does so through demand paging.
A range of a virtual address space is populated with datawhen a memory object is mapped into that range. All data in an addressspace is ultimately provided through memory objects. Mach asks theowner of a memory object (apager)for the contents of a page when establishing it in physical memoryand returns the possibly modified data to the pager before reclaimingthe page. OS X includes two built-in pagers—the defaultpager and the vnode pager.
The default pager handles nonpersistent memory, known as anonymousmemory. Anonymous memory is zero-initialized, and it existsonly during the life of a task. The vnode pager maps files intomemory objects. Mach exports an interface to memory objects to allowtheir contents to be contributed by user-mode tasks. This interfaceis known as the External Memory Management Interface, or EMMI.
The memory management subsystem exports virtual memory handlesknown as named entries or namedmemory entries. Like most kernel resources, these aredenoted by ports. Having a named memory entry handle allows theowner to map the underlying virtual memory object or to pass theright to map the underlying object to others. Mapping a named entryin two different tasks results in a shared memory window betweenthe two tasks, thus providing a flexible method for establishingshared memory.
Beginning in OS X v10.1, the EMMI systemwas enhanced to support “portless” EMMI. In traditional EMMI,two Mach ports were created for each memory region, and likewise twoports for each cached vnode. Portless EMMI, in its initial implementation,replaces this with direct memory references (basically pointers).In a future release, ports will be used for communication with pagersoutside the kernel, while using direct references for communicationwith pagers that reside in kernel space. The net result of thesechanges is that early versions of portless EMMI do not support pagersrunning outside of kernel space. This support is expected to bereinstated in a future release.
Address ranges of virtual memory space may also be populatedthrough direct allocation (using
vm_allocate
).The underlying virtual memory object is anonymous and backed by thedefault pager. Shared ranges of an address space may also be setup via inheritance. When new tasks are created, they are clonedfrom a parent. This cloning pertains to the underlying memory addressspace as well. Mapped portions of objects may be inherited as acopy, or as shared, or not at all, based on attributes associatedwith the mappings. Mach practices a form of delayed copy known as copy-on-write tooptimize the performance of inherited copies on task creation.Rather than directly copying the range, a copy-on-write optimization is accomplishedby protected sharing. The two tasks share the memory to be copied,but with read-only access. When either task attempts to modify aportion of the range, that portion is copied at that time. Thislazy evaluation of memory copies is an important optimization thatpermits simplifications in several areas, notably the messaging APIs.
One other form of sharing is provided by Mach, through theexport of namedregions. A named region is a form of a named entry, butinstead of being backed by a virtual memory object, it is backedby a virtual map fragment. This fragment may hold mappings to numerousvirtual memory objects. It is mappable into other virtual maps,providing a way of inheriting not only a group of virtual memoryobjects but also their existing mapping relationships. This featureoffers significant optimization in task setup, for example when sharinga complex region of the address space used for shared libraries.
Interprocess Communication(IPC)
Communication between tasks is an important element of theMach philosophy. Mach supports a client/server system structurein which tasks (clients) access services by making requests of othertasks (servers) via messages sent over a communication channel.
The endpoints of these communication channels in Mach arecalled ports, while port rights denote permission to use the channel.The forms of IPC provided by Mach include
- messagequeues
- semaphores
- notifications
- lock sets
- remote procedure calls (RPCs)
The type of IPC object denoted by the port determines theoperations permissible on that port, and how (and whether) datatransfer occurs.
Important: The IPCfacilities in OS X are in a state of transition. In early versionsof the system, not all of these IPC types may be implemented.
There are two fundamentally different Mach APIs for raw manipulationof ports—the
mach_ipc
familyand the mach_msg
family.Within reason, both families may be used with any IPC object; however,the mach_ipc
calls arepreferred in new code. The mach_ipc
calls maintainstate information where appropriate in order to support the notionof a transaction. The mach_msg
callsare supported for legacy code but deprecated; they are stateless. IPC Transactions and EventDispatching
When a thread calls
mach_ipc_dispatch
,it repeatedly processes events coming in on the registered portset. These events could be an argument block from an RPCobject (as the results of a client’s call), a lock object beingtaken (as a result of some other thread’s releasing the lock),a notification or semaphore being posted, or a message coming infrom a traditional message queue. These events are handled via callouts from
mach_msg_dispatch
.Some events imply a transaction during the lifetime of the callout.In the case of a lock, the state is the ownership of the lock. Whenthe callout returns, the lock is released. In the case of remoteprocedure calls, the state is the client’s identity, the argumentblock, and the reply port. When the callout returns, the reply issent.When the callout returns, the transaction (if any) is completed,and the thread waits for the next event. The
mach_ipc_dispatch
facilityis intended to support work loops.Message Queues
Originally, the sole style of interprocess communication inMach was the messagequeue. Only one task can hold the receive right for a port denotinga message queue. This one task is allowed to receive (read) messagesfrom the port queue. Multiple tasks can hold rights to the portthat allow them to send (write) messages into the queue.
A task communicates with another task by building a data structurethat contains a set of data elements and then performing a message-sendoperation on a port for which it holds send rights. At some latertime, the task with receive rights to that port will perform a message-receiveoperation.
A message may consist of some or all of the following:
- pure data
- copies of memory ranges
- port rights
- kernel implicit attributes, such as the sender’s security token
The message transfer is an asynchronous operation. The messageis logically copied into the receiving task, possibly with copy-on-writeoptimizations. Multiple threads within the receiving task can beattempting to receive messages from a given port, but only one thread canreceive any given message.
Semaphores
Semaphore IPC objects support wait, post, and post all operations.These are counting semaphores, in that posts are saved (counted)if there are no threads currently waiting in that semaphore’swait queue. A post all operation wakes up all currently waitingthreads.
Notifications
Like semaphores, notification objects also support post andwait operations, but with the addition of a state field. The stateis a fixed-size, fixed-format field that is defined when the notificationobject is created. Each post updates the state field; there is asingle state that is overwritten by each post.
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Locks
A lock is an object that provides mutually exclusive accessto a critical section. The primary interfaces to locks are transactionoriented (see IPC Transactions and Event Dispatching). During the transaction,the thread holds the lock. When it returns from the transaction,the lock is released.
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) Objects
As the name implies, an RPC object is designed to facilitateand optimize remote procedure calls. The primary interfaces to RPCobjects are transaction oriented (see IPC Transactions and Event Dispatching)
When an RPC object is created, a set of argument block formatsis defined. When an RPC (a send on the object) is made by a client,it causes a message in one of the predefined formats to be createdand queued on the object, then eventually passed to the server (the receiver).When the server returns from the transaction, the reply is returnedto the sender. Mach tries to optimize the transaction by executingthe server using the client’s resources; this is called threadmigration.
Time Management
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The traditional abstraction of time in Mach is the clock, which provides a setof asynchronous alarm services based on
mach_timespec_t
.There are one or more clock objects, each defining a monotonicallyincreasing time value expressed in nanoseconds. The real-time clockis built in, and is the most important, but there may be other clocksfor other notions of time in the system. Clocks support operationsto get the current time, sleep for a given period, set an alarm(a notification that is sent at a given time), and so forth. The
mach_timespec_t
API is deprecatedin OS X. The newer and preferred API is based on timer objectsthat in turn use AbsoluteTime
asthe basic data type. AbsoluteTime
isa machine-dependent type, typically based on the platform-nativetime base. Routines are provided to convert AbsoluteTime
valuesto and from other data types, such as nanoseconds. Timer objectssupport asynchronous, drift-free notification, cancellation, andpremature alarms. They are more efficient and permit higher resolutionthan clocks. Copyright © 2002, 2013 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. Terms of Use | Privacy Policy | Updated: 2013-08-08